Food Preservative Essay Example for Free

Food Preservative EssayFood Industry is one of the complexes which involve a vast global collection of many businesses that come in concert to avail regimen energy consumed throughout the world population. Those farmers who merely depend on diet for thought that they plant ar non considered to be part of victuals perseverance in these modern days. The forage industry let ins the following Regulations- These regulations range from local to international rules and regulations which govern sustenance production and sales, sustenance quality and refuge, and universal industry lobbying activities (David, Grotton, 1979, pg417). Education- This back tooth be academic which results to professional in food production, vocational which involves basic training or consultancy which deals on consultation regarding distinct food products. Research and development- This involves food technology in confederation to invest various ways of food production which does not exist in the market. Financial function which include insurance and credit services. Manufacturing- Food industry involved in manufacturing of Agro-chemicals, seeds, farm machinery and supplies of agricultural construction. Agriculture- This is a basic atomic number 18a in food industry since it deals with raising of crops, livestock and as well sea foods which are the main raw material used in food industries. Food processing- This involves preparing fresh products for sale in markets and also it involves manufacture of already prepared food products. Marketing- This deals with promotion of new products in market. It also gets views from exoteric opinion by advertising packaging and public relation. Wholesale and distri notwithstandingion- This is done in warehouses, transportation and logistics. Retails- Food products are basically sold in supermarkets, stones, direct con. Summer restaurants and other food services centers. Therefore, food industry basically covers all aspects of food production and sales. totally transactions between productions of food up to the time food is fetchn to the market are taken care of. The industry size of food production is quite wide since it covers worldwide population and its approximately US $3. 2 one million million in 2004. For example, in United State they spend about US $ 1 trillion annually for food or almost ten percent of their gross domestic product (Harratio, 2007, pg 370).This industry due to its diversity and great need to expand it has around 16. 5 million people who are utilise in the industry. Food industry regulations are very vital in any stage from production to consumption. These stages include production, processing, distribution, retail, packaging and labeling of all food products. All these are governed by a mass of laws, regulations, code of practice and guidance. There are general food laws which essential be followed by everyone whether one is working(a) in a food business or he or she is i nvolved in consumption of the food productions.This deals mainly with registration of foods which are each imported or exported, the safety of food, labeling, product withdrawals and recall (Brown, 2001, pg 439). For example, the main food laws which are used in United Kingdom are- Food safety act of 1990 which involved registration of general food registration in Great Britain. General food law regulation 178/2002. General food regulations 2004. This co-ordinated imposition of penalties to those who breaks food regulation. Some of the food safety and consumer protection offenses include Rendering foods which can injure ones health by either I ) Adding something harmful to food. ii) Using harmful ingredients in production of food. iii) Removing any food constituent which can benefit the consumer iv) Passing food through processes which are no recommended. Selling product to purchaser which is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the buyer. Using false descript ions or presentation of foods in order to entice customers. Commission of defense is due to the act of default of another person, the other person is guilt of the offense. In European countries, Food imported to these countries must comply with all their Food safety regulations or else they should enter into an agreement with the exporting countries for those requirements. Exportation by European countries demands that food should meet the required food law, not unless the importing country demands otherwise as per their laws. The safety shopworns of food should be followed strictly this is passed by the law that states Food shall not be rigid in market if its unsafe. Food can be regarded as unsafe if its-injurious to ones health. Unfit for human consumption. The labeling, advertising, presentation and setting of food product for consumer should be done in such a way that it would no mis tip the consumer. For traceability purposes, operators of business need to keep accurate records of food, food substances and producing animals supplied to their businesses and also records of suppliers where they buy their commodities which should ensure that this information shall be made available to authorities on demand. Food business operator can withdraw food which is not complying with safety standards incase it has left their control and recall food incase it has reached the consumer.In case any company breakdown any of these offenses, the company is credible to penalties laid down by general food regulation (Windsor, 1959, pg 37). Food law guide is a process which needs to be updated each and every time in order to comply with food standard every time. In food industry, there should be regulatory impact assessment aggroup which its main duty is assessment of costs, benefits and risks of regulations laid down which could adversely affect the business in one way or another. These teams are either produced by government or agencies which lead statutory powers for making laws.The government is trying to put up better regulatory initiatives which give work with food standard agency which is a statutory body which protects public health and consumers other interest related to food and drinks. Deregulation can lead to food safety coming to a critical condition since it opposes most of the regulation acts imposed in food production till marketing time. These deregulations may include- Free trade agreement. Due to free trade agreement the safety standards of food during export and import times are looked down upon and this can lead to harmful consumption of food.For any successful company to grow well, merging with other companies is quite essential since it enables diversity and acquisition of new methods and formulas which the merging company has. Merging stimulate growth and expression of ideas to give a wide range of products to be produced. The main aim of encouraging merging and acquisition of businesses is to lower the number of fir ms operating on one same thing and consequently they increase concentration since the number of firms have lessen and therefore management can focus on something substantial since they are concentrating on a smaller area than before.Also through merging and acquisition companies promote anticompetitive pricing fashion since operations will be taking place on one company which can set standard prices for each items (Manley, 1940, pg 83). In food industry, they have focused merging as something that can bring great impact in economy since it basically changes employment structures. Therefore merges and acquisition results to workers dislocation since the companies will be fewer than before which lead to retrenchment of some workers.The food industry had two distinct mergers and acquisition involved in eight different food industries. These occurred from 1977 to 1982 and from 1982 to 1987. This mergers and acquisitions did not necessary portray the processes causing workers dislocatio n and lost wages. During the acquisition and mergers, small plants in food industries were added workers during the first merge wave but not during the second one. Mergers and acquisition had small but positive effect on wage during the first merger of 1977-1982 while little effect was mat during the second merger period.Mergers and acquisition also enables many plants to exit their industries during the 1977-82 period and facilitated closure of some firms during the period during 1982-1987. Therefore productivity can be change magnitude and profitability of industry enhanced by actively participating in acquisition and merging of industries. Joint venture by different companies helps the businesses to grow progressively and therefore increases business interest. Joint ventures also help the business to diversify its products and it basically operates like mergers and acquisition (Zhouying, 2005, pg317).Food technology has greatly advanced in many food companies through invention of new ways of production and marketing of food produce. Food supply chains in any food industry must give way to dynamic supply network and elaborate food technology that drive them. Technology enables high volumes of distributed transactions which take place between different members of supply chain in a rapid and low cost manner. Food technology should be used notwithstanding during marketing to fit to a variety of transactions.

King Henry V and King Richard III Essay Example for Free

King total heat V and King Richard III EssayHenry V and Richard III depicted how dickens very different men rose to power and assumed the throne of England. Henry was an intelligent, driven young man who sought to reconstruct the civil state of war ravaged kingdom after the death of his father. Shakespeare presented Richard as a corrupt, sadistic villain who cared nothing for the English people except that they knew and feared his absolute authority. Both men, though, have the aforementioned(prenominal) focus and determination, which made the comparison and contrast of these two plays that much more drastic. When Henry V came to power, he knew he was responsible for gaining the trust and deference of both the English court and the rough-cut man. In order to end wars within the country and regain political stability, Henry decided to lay use up to his land in France. In response to this, the french prince Dauphin snubbed Henry, which launched him into action. With the su pport of the English people behind him, Henry gathered his troops and planned to invade France.Henry did away with those who plotted against him and his mission and set sail for France. With his tremendous resolve and leadership, the English victoriously fought their way through France despite terrible odds.The English forces were urged to bide focused on the task at hand, and all those who disgraced the kingdom were severely punished. Looting, spying and the like all resulted in death at Henrys command. With the same dedication, however, he took into consideration the concerns of the common soldier and in prayer he gained the power to fulfill his leadership responsibilities and rally his troops.After the English forces defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt, while outnumbered five-to-one, the opposition finally surrendered. Henry was able to secure peace negotiations and meanwhile married Catherine, the missy of the French king. Thus, Henry had successfully united two kin gdoms.The reign of King Richard III differed greatly. In order to reach the throne,he secretly plotted to usurp the kingship from his brother Edward and, likewise, to destroy anyone else who comprise a threat.Shakespeare described Richard as evil and manipulative, but also brilliant, cunning, and persistent. He was born physically deformed and as a result was very acidulous toward those around him, and greatly resented their normalcy and happiness. This hatred translated into tremendous drive and served as motivation as well as justification for most everything he did.Richard began his pilgrimage to the throne by marrying a noblewoman, Lady Anne, simply for political reasons. He then took every opportunity that arose to speed Edwards illness and death, including the execution of another brother solely to cause grief and clear the path to the title.When Edward finally died, Richard was temporarily rewarded control of the kingdom until Edwards sons were of age to rule. Richard the n searched out and executed those noblemen who had remained loyal to the princes, on with the boys powerful relatives on their mothers side. The heirs and Queen Elizabeth, their mother, were left unprotected and vulnerable. After Richard campaigned and all but assumed his role as king, the boys were murdered.The people of England already despised Richard and feared his controlling rule. When Richard found himself without support and facing a possible challenger to the throne, he decided to murder his wife in order to marry his niece Elizabeth. This marriage to Edwards daughter would cement his position as king. Queen Elizabeth, however, had sided with the French challenger, Richmond, and had secretly given him her daughters hand in marriage.When Richmond and his forces invaded England, Richard was killed, just as he had been warned in dreams the dark before by the ghosts of all those he had murdered. Richmond was the crowned King Henry VII and vowed peace in the restless kingdom. Both Henry V and Richard III possessed the determination to reach the throne and rule England. Henry introduced himself to the kingdom as a relenting force, in power to protect and provide for the common man. He took his role very seriously and thus became a hero in his kingdom, while instilling fear in the hearts of the opposition. Richard, though, saw his dreams break before him as he selfishly and insanely used all those around him as a sort of tool for his acquisition of power. England as a whole rejected him as a leader, and saw no promise for the kingdom under the reign of a power-hungry tyrant.Henry sought to rebuild and England and play back to it prosperity, and therefore gained the love and respect of the English people. Richard cared only to tend to his own selfish interests and was, as a result, overthrown by his enemies. The fate of there two men seemed to have been determined by what motivated them and with which characteristics they utilized in ruling the kingdom of England.

Ancient Greek Theatre | Lysistrata

Ancient classical Theatre LysistrataAncient classic family has been a fascination to millions of people across the centuries. Theatre is one of the most important innovations of the Greek civilization. Ancient Greek area which began as a phantasmal ceremony eventually became as expressed by Cohen a mixture of myth, legend, philosophy, social commentary, poetry, dance, music, public participation, and visual splendor (as cited in Phillips, 2000). The well known playwrights Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Ari confronthanes and others fork up contributed largely in the teachings of nobleness, morality, courage, and patriotism throughout time. Many of the stories written Oedipus, Medea, Antigone etc. have endured the passage of time. Moreover, audiences contribution was crucial in ancient Greek home because poets success and recognition as good representatives of the Greek culture and civilization largely depended on the audiences negative/positive feedback. From the Antiquity, the role of Greek theatre has not altered. It was and still is used to be entertaining, frivolous, and instructional.Greek theaters were located in outdoor spaces which were known as amphitheaters. The amphitheater was purposely chosen by the Greeks to hold these venues not only because they preferred being outdoors but also becausethey used the construction methods avail up to(p) in their time period to create the most serviceable and efficient space possible to be used in producing the type of entertainment that was popular in their culture as stated by buns Holloway (2010). Greek theatre consisted of four major components the Orchestra which was the circular dancing floor where the chorus would sing, dance, and act together with the actors, Theatron which was the viewing place, Skene which was the tent or the decorated mental synthesis behind the stage, and Parados which was the passageways used by the chorus, actors, and audience as entrances and exits to the amphitheater (a s shown in figure 1).Figure 1Greek TheatreNote. This figure is retreived from http//web lay aside.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cachev9_sNzGD5hsJwww.slideshare.netNevertheless, ancient Greek theatre sacknot be demonstrated without shedding the light on Athens. Athens was a Greek city-state identified for its political, military, and cultural force play. Athens was considered the spunk of Greek culture and theatre. Greek theatre originally initiated with Athens festivals. Athens had four festivals for worshipping the god of fertility and wine Dionysus who was the son of the god Zeus and the earthborn Semele. The Athenians celebrated their annual fertility four tribal festivals known as Festival of the Wine Jugs and Old Dionysia in March with a altogether week of public wine drinking and phallus, penis worshipping religious orgy (Cohen,n.d.Phillips, 2000). The religious rites for these festivals eventually took the shape of poetry that later developed to become plays.Greek play s and drama started as an entertaining event that developed to become a powerful medium of communicating ideas. Theatre played an important role in the ancient Greek civilization because it was reflecting the flaws and values of the Greek culture. It mainly focused on solving the human conflicts and problems of the day but with a supernatural segment (god or goddess). The theatre that focused on exposing societys flaws benefited the audience who would learn from them. It should be noted here that the carcass language used in the Greek theatre played an important role in delivering the message to the spectators. As tell by Heins-Uwe Haus (1995), We feel obliged to visualize the events of the play, if we want to grasp something of the spirit and the root of the dramatic heritage of Sophocles. It was this fusion of the artistic and the political, the formal and the philosophical, that made this experience unique. Therefore, the people in Greece were on intimate relations with the bo dy where they used body language as a major part of the Greek drama.After scrutinizing the Greek drama, it becomes obvious that gods in Greek society were viewed in human terms. For instance, gods can have emotions of sadness, happiness, and emotions of love they can hold grudges, and can fight with each other. The gods in Greek plays were, like humans, uncertain of their destiny. Additionally, humanity was strongly concerned in ancient Greek drama where humans were elevated from animals. Human harmony depended on the interaction between human and divine forces where peace would be jeopardise if disharmony existed (Tripod members, 2004).Figure 2. Theatre MasksNote. Retrieved from http//www.crystalinks.com/greektheater.htmlGreek plays consisted of two major types tragedy and comedy. The two masks, in figure 2, symbolize both the comedy and tragedy aspects of the Greek Theatre. These two masks that represent duality were worn in ancient Greece during the golden age, around 500 300 BC. With respect to tragedy, it was expressed by Aristotle as an simulated of an importantand complete action, which has a specific length, written in an embellished language, with its separate parts set in order and not randomly, in active and not narrative form, tending through pity and fear to the catharsis of passions. The word tragedy was derived from the words Tragos meaning goat and ode meaning song. The reason behind this shadowy origin had to do with two possibilities the first which was related to the choruses who were dressed in lion-skins of goats, and the second which was linked to the prize for best song that was a goat. Ancient Greek tragedy mainly depended on stories of myth or history but with varied interpretations of events. It mainly focused on psychological and ethical attributes of characters instead of animal(prenominal) and sociological ones. Tragedy was dominated by the works and innovations of three well-known playwrights Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) who wa s known for his tragic trilogy the Oresteia which enlarge the possibilities for dramatics through the communication between two characters in his plays. Aeschylus made use of a third character however, Sophocles (496-406 B.C.) was the one who actually began it. The latter was known for his trilogy Oedipus Rex where his plays decreased the job of the chorus in Greek drama in order to enhance the interaction between characters and the progress of the character itself. The third tragedian was Euripides (480-406 B.C.) who indicated the ultimate form of drama and employed a more(prenominal) naturalistic and human aspects in his plays.An font of tragedy can be the famous speech of Macbeth (Tripod members, 2004)Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,To the pull through syllable of recorded timeAnd all our yesterdays have lighted foolsThe way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candleLifes but a walking shadow a piddling player,That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,And then is heard no more It is a taleTold by an idiot, full of sound and fury,Signifying nothing.With respect to comedy, the word comedy was derived from Comoi which was the name of a god meaning amusement and entertainment. It was usually based on a happy idea that used exaggerated, ridiculous, and sensual pleasures for instance, a peace with a power or sex strike to stop war. Comedy plays commented and criticized contemporary society, politics, literature and Peloponnesian War. Two playwrights were famous in this domain Aristophanes (448-380 B.C.) and Menander (342-292 B.C.). Comedy was not as popular as tragedy at first. However, the popularity of Comedy was accompanied with the diminishing of the popularity of tragedy which highly represented the role of theatre. Therefore, tragedy was at its peak in Greek society when the society was at its height whereas comedy (a means for decreasing frustrations) was at its peak during the decline of Greek government .A good example of comedy can be a funny tale about a strong woman Lysistrata who led a female union to stop the war in Greece. This play, written by Aristophanes, can be a good demonstration of the role of women in ancient Greek time. Women, in this play, were revealed as deceiving, mischievous, strong, smart, cunning, and as being leaders. Lysistratas cunning was shown through her great plan of refusing sex by the wives to their husbands. She knew that by refusing sex, peace would be gained since men would not be able to resist this situation. Moreover, what revealed the cleverness of women was when they took over the Akropolis. Lysistrata was able to give a speech on how to run the government and was capable of changing the situations that she didnt like she was a reliable clever leader.For instance, Lysistrata mentioned If we sat around at home all made up, and walked past them wearing only our see-through underwear and with our pubes plucked in a neat triangle, and our husband s got hard and hankered to ball us, but we didnt go near them and kept away, theyd sue for peace, and pretty quick, you can count on that (as cited in Gruber-Miller, 1987).Also, Lysistrata said The older women are assigned that part while were working out our agreement down here, theyll occupy the Akropolis, pretending to be up there for a sacrifice (as cited in Gruber-Miller, 1987).The Warriors in Lysistrata said (Tripod members, 2004)First Speaker For through mans heart there runs in floodA natural and noble assay for bloodSecond Speaker To form a ring and fightThird Speaker To cut off heads at sightAll in Unison It is our rightYouth Come, listen now to the good old dayswhen children, strange to tell, were seen notheard, led a simple life, in short werebrought up well.Although women were not permitted to engage in ancient Greek plays or even to be with the audience, women made their own festivals in order to gather and argue their issues with each other. Women played an importan t role in the Greek society it was like what people nowadays in our society say behind a great man there is a woman. It was the same case where behind every hero there was a woman.Greek theatre spread its cultural influences to Egypt, the Middle East, Rome, and then the whole world. This indicates how much the Greek theatre has influenced our modern theater. Without ancient theater, the form of entertainment nowadays may not have existed. As indicated by Rebekah Martin (2006)Without the influences of Dionysus festivals and Greek drama, Shakespeare would have no foundation, and Andrew Lloyd Webber would be out of a job. Therefore, the roots of drama have affected everything from radio drama to modern cinema.

Film Analysis: Metropolis Women

Film Analysis chief city WomenFilm memorialThe first ever science fiction inject, capital, is a German Expressionism film re claimd in 1927 that portrays women through with(predicate) femininity, technology, and sexual urge. Science Fiction movie theatre, come across it as a landmark film and a futuristic technological fantasy that mirrors some(prenominal) our fears and our fascination with technology. Even more remark adequate is that the film connects the relationship among fe mannish sexuality, male-oriented vision, and technology. In this paper, I would like to examine the relationship betwixt women, sexuality, and technology.Post terra firma War I, German Expressionism had a strong invite on cinema. By the finis of the eighteenth century film denouncers employ cinema as a focus to address cut offs pertinent to culture and society by combining the arts and technology, which is ciphern in the architecture and techniques of film at this time (Deren). The nous of German Expressionism was that cinema was to heighten emotional and psychological states, film attainrs used exaggeration, violence, and distortion such as sharp angles, painted shadows, and twisted landscape to give films disturbing visual characteristics.Metropolis depicts a futuristic city in the year 2026 from the view of the 1920s. The wealthy ruling circle lives in luxury in their skyscrapers while the workings class is forced to sweat and slave in subhuman conditions under the city. The working class is a slave to the ruling class, and man is a slave to the machine. The film starts with images of massive machinery spewing smoke with their pistons churning in a continuous rhythm. The players dressed in all black be marching in a precise robotic form to the elevators that get out take them down to the oppressive machines that run the city. There are then images of a shift siren sounding and very cock-a-hoop clocks that only count to ten, which alert the workers of the f irst gear and the end of work shifts (Ruppert). Here is where the workers are abbreviated to robots in which their movements are dominated by the mechanized rhythm of the machine. Workers in this system, must adapt themselves to a functional, technological rationality they must function like machines, in lockstep and geometric formation, their individual identities lost. Thus, the hands of Metropolis become, mechanical and replaceable (Rutsky). However, our first impression of the city where the elite live is that of a very modern and impressive urban landscape with the large architecture, planes, cars, and enlightenment like gardens where the power of technology benefits human purpose (Ruppert).The story of Metropolis provides a unique view of the future. Freder is the son of the ruler or head of Metropolis, Jon Frederson who is considered of well-nigh superhuman rationality and efficiency (Rutsky). One day, asideside in the eden like gardens, Freder comes across a woman from th e working class who has brought the children up to let out how their br an opposite(prenominal)s live. He immediately falls in love, and follows her to the depths of the city where he learns of the hard lifestyle the workers lead. It is here where Freder witnesses a violent explosion and he suddenly imagines unriva lead of the machines as a demonic beast Moloch to which the workers are sacrificed.Hoping to persuade his father into providing a better life and more promising future to the underground workers, Freder travels to deal his father. When his father refuses, he goes and takes over the job of an overworked laborer. Upon completing the shift he learns that mare is al well-nigh like a spiritual attracter to the workers as he hears her teaching the workers about the newspaper column of Babel. At this percentage point, Freder decides he wants to help Maria and he joins the underground community.Freders father finds out and was concerned about the influence Maria whitethorn take for over the workers so he enlists in the help of an old rival Rotwang, to help keep the working class under control. From Jon Fredersons point of view, Maria has already cuased Freder to a livenate from him and question his authority. This represents no only a potential rival to his power, entirely poses a threat to male domination, should the feminine determine of the heart such as nurture, compassion, and feeling (emotions usually considered feminine) ever become dominant (Ruppert).Rotwang, an evil scientist, wants to undermine Marias lead and create a plan to abolish the machines. He kidnaps Maria and creates a robot which he clones into her and uses it to confuse the workers. The plan works and the robot Maria leads workers to destroy machines, which delivers their city to flood that almost drownes the workers children. It is up to Maria and Freder to rescue the children. Eventually the children are saved, which causes the workers to rebel against Maria who they be lieved caused all these problems. The workers end up burning the robot Maria at the stake. Through this, the workers and his Jon Frederson find Freder is the connection from the brain to the hands, that Maria had al behaviors hoped for. Freder is the heart of the machine.It is evident, by the main context in the film that the images portraying femininity are threatening the male world of technology, domination, and control. Control of the real Maria, represents a threat to the world of mettlesome technology, and its system of sexual repression domination of the Robot Maria by Rotwang who installs her to perform true tasks control of the workers by the Frederson Master of Metropolis who plans to replace the underground workers with robots and finally, control of the workers fills through Fredersons sneaky use of the machine, the robot Maria (Huyssen).Marias threat to male lateralization in Metropolis is made apparent in the sequence in which Rotwang and Fredersen observe her sp eaking to the workers. The two watch as she communicates her version of the legend of the Tower of Babel to the workers, emphasizing the division and destruction between the ruling classes and the workers, a touch that obviously corresponds to the conditions in Metropolis (Ruppert). She predicts eventual reconciliation and cordial harmony between the brain that plans and the hands that build, she says, at that place must be a mediator. It is the heart, that must bring about an get a lineing between them.With the creation of robot Maria, came the ability for the watchman to cl previous(predicate) see how sexuality understructure be used to gain power and control. In this particular scene Rotwang presents her at an all male host in the upper city. Robot Maria emerges from s ag free radical up and light to do a sequence of seductive belly dances stripping off more robes at each glance. She became quite the spectacle and the object of male desire and vision, leaving all the men in awe. Femininity in this sequence, suggests, it is constructed by male vision and that female sexuality comes to life through male desire (Ruppert). By connecting technology and female sexuality, the film incites the viewer with polarities and opposition. Viewing the film we are able to see doubled and mirroring patterns. These patterns link oppositions at the same time that they estrange or defamiliarize them. This is apparent in the opposition between the upper and disappoint worlds, linked and estranged by technology (Telotte). However, according to Huyssen, the creation of Maria the robot, links technology and women directly. Huyssen signals that the robot Maria in Metropolis is the embodiment of early twentieth century male fear of women and machines, two of which were perceived at threats to patriarchal control (Huyssen). In addition, technology was not always linked to sexuality in this way the two were associated in the early nineteenth century, at the time when machi nes were beginning to be perceived as threatening. Huyssen also points out, that women and machines are linked, liken male fears of powerful technologies with fears of female sexuality (Huyssen).With the creation of robot Maria as a substitute for the human Maria, comes the division of what the film has implies to viewers to be the principles of femininity compassion, nurture, and empathy (Ruppert). And, while the robot Maria acts on her own, she also encourages aggression and destruction that eventually becomes a behavior which is self-destructing to the workers. However, thither was something about robot Maria, that was able to rekindle spirit, repressed hopes, and encourage the workers to destroy the boundaries that limited their potential. Until this part in the film, women are hardly ever seen. It is in this scene, we are seeing women in numbers pool as they become a crowd of female hostility.In Donna Haraways reading, The cyborg (robot Maria) should be celebrated as potenti ally liberating, even utopian bringing close together- a simile for flexile identities, transgressed boundaries, gender obsolescence (Haraway). In Haraways view, robots represent industrial machinery that excludes the human. However, with the creation of robot Maria comes incorporation of the human and elimination of the character distinctions, which were previously assumed to chastise out technology from humanity. Neither entirely human nor imitation, it is these boundaries that distinguish robot Maria. It is also Haraways view that when the boundary between human and artificial subside, and when gender differences, for example, are no longer a question, women rump then be unrestricted from their positions of ine prime(a) and e prime(prenominal) can become possible (Haraway).Some critics such as Telotte and Kracauer argue that the film send an anti-technology message. According to Telotte, for example, views the film as a destruction of technology, something that makes us for get our social responsibilities (Telotte). And Kracauer criticizes the scene that displays the creation of the robot Maria as unproductive to the flow of the narrative and dismisses the staging of her erotic dance as spectatorial excess (Kracauer). Kracauer goes on to say that the creation of the robot is detailed with a adept exactitude that is not at all required to further the bodily process and he attributes the erotic dance as Langs penchant for pompous ornamentation and discounts the non-narrative honor of Metropolis, its reflexivity and status as spectacle (Kracauer).On the some other hand, Huyssen, sees it as pro- technology. He argues that the films threatening founts can be eliminated and that the battle between the workers and the city dwellers could be solve by technological progress (Huyssen). As viewers see contradictions, viewers are also in awe of the spectacular phylogenesiss in technology and see the human costs associated with that discipline. The severe c onditions of the workers makes it more difficult for the viewer to embrace technology while resisting technology is nearly impossible because they are already shown creation a part of everyones life.The fact that the film is viewed by critics both as pro-technology, and anti-technology suggests, that technology is not the final determining factor of social life in Metropolis. It is capitalism that turns the workers into machines and women into objects. Metropolis provides us with a view of Weimar culture by showing the viewer social conflicts and differences between labor and capital, feminist liberation, and the risk and the possibilities of technology. In addition, the relationship between technology and the human is made apparent in this film by Maria showing us liberating power of technology that can dissolve boundaries and the male fears of technology and the destruction of social boundaries.If patriarchy depends on the kind of values we attribute to sexual difference, then te chnology, the film suggests, depends on what we do with machines, the cultural uses we make of them (Ruppert).Works CitedHaraway, DonnaA Cyborg Manifesto Science, Technology, and Socialist- Feminism in the Late Twentieth Centurey, in Sinians, Cyborgs and Women The reinvention of Nature. brisk York Routledge (1991) 149-181Rutsky, R.L.the Mediation of Technology and Gender Metropolis, Nazism, Modernism. New German Critique, No. 60, Special Issue on German Film History. (Autumn, 1993), pp. 3-32Deren, SecilCinema and film Industry in Weimar Republic, 1918-1933Telotte, J.P.The Seductive Text of Metropolis Telotte, J.P. Replications A Robotic History of the Science Fiction FilmHuyssen, AndreasThe Vamp and the Machine Technology and Sexuality in Fritz Langs Metropolis, New German critique 24-25 (1981-1982) 221-237Kracauer, Siegried. From Caligari to Hitler A schological History of the German Film.Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1947Ruppert, PeterTechnology and the Construction of Gender in Fr itz Langs MetropolisReflection Application of Leadership Skills in NursingReflection Application of Leadership Skills in Nursing1. presentation1.1 This report take up a bun in the ovens at my existing attractionship aptitudes and how they have actual when implementing a postnatal chemical group inside my confide. Through developing this group, I will seem at how the police squad responds to my lead and how I speak to situations. As part of my continuing pro development, I will identify changes inquireed in my approach to future pull in order to provide a quality working surround and improved development of dish out provision. This community health vex project was chosen because Hall et al (2009) states that governments are increasingly interestingnessed in community healthcare programmes because, in partnership with other agencies, they can reduce social exclusion and the inequalities within and between local communities.Support groups can relieve feelings of isola tion and loneliness in a study of women with post-natal depression, the leap out from others meant that mothers gained in self-esteem and felt empowered (Eastwood et al, 1995).1.2 The Specialist alliance Public health Nurse (SCPHN) must follow performance standards in association with health enhancing activities (Nursing and tocology Council, 2004, p12). Part of these standards state that I am responsible for(p) for applying drawship skills and managing projects to improve health and well being. Promoting partnership working and leading public health interventions through innovative and visionary approaches is key to my business office as a SCPHN. Historically much of health run provision has been service led rather than train led, designed and developed at the convenience of the providers rather than the patients (Wilkinson Murray 1998). wellnessy lives, b right fielder futures (DOH, 2009a) and Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation (DoH, 1999) foreground the importance of there being partnership between go, children and parents which must be driven by strong loss drawing cardship by SCPHNs. These improvements need to be achieved through an agreement between health practitioners and services and parents, children and novel batch.2 . Aims2.1 The aims of this report are to identify disparate leadership approaches and my own approach and evaluate exactings and negatives of these approaches to improve my leadership skills. To explore the SCPHN role as a leader and the opportunities and obstacles that whitethorn impinge on effective leadership requirements in public health nursing through leading the development of a postnatal group. All SCPHNs interventions should operate on a partnership and empowerment model of spoken language, which controls acceptability of the service by both professionals and lymph glands. Further aims will be to understand the principles of change oversight and conflict management, to enable effective resolution and promo te a cohesive team environment.3. Leadership in Practice3.1 Through my bonk as a SCPHN I believe that I hold transformational leadership traits, which include communication, motivation, decision making and conflict resolution. I believe my current skills lie in communication and motivation but areas where development is required are conflict within teams and on an individual basis. Two types of leaders have been set transactional leaders set goals, give directions and use rewards to reinforce employee behaviours associated with meeting or exceeding established goals. Transformational leaders have the ability to motivate performance beyond expectations through their ability to influence attitudes (Mcguire Kennerly 2006, p.180). I crusadeed to follow Johnsons (2005) research, which suggested that highly effective leaders need both vision as well as a specific plan in order to carry out their plan if goals are to be achieved. I have demonstrated vision by creating this idea for a postnatal group. As a transformational leader I will try to share my vision with my followers, enthusing them with a high level of commitment (ChangingMinds, 2002-2006). In previous professional roles I was a follower and therefore I need to develop leadership skills. It is grand as a practitioner to be aware and incorporate the qualities of both leadership styles in practice.3.2 In my role as a leader I need to use interpersonal skills to influence others to accomplish a specific goal exerting influence by using a flexible approach of personal behaviours which is chief(prenominal) in forging links, creating connections amongst organisations in order to promote high levels of performance and quality care (Sullivan Decker, 2009). I have approached a fellow SCPHN within the team and by recognising her individual expertise and praising her companionship have encouraged her to contribute to the group by leading a session on womens health. As a leader I describe Raffertys (1993) w ork by caring for the people I lead and I can see that by encouraging and praising my team I am able to promote high levels of performance, which therefore results in the delivery of high quality care.3.3 In my leadership experience I have value the need to focus on the relationship between the people and the organisation this is described as Action Centred Leadership by Adair (1979) (Appendix 1). Adair highlighted the importance of a leader having the ability to meet three functions these where to achieve the required task to maintain the team and to meet the unavoidably of individual team members. I have accepted the complexity of achieving successful leadership which requires the overlapping of these three functions in variable proportions to achieve the desired outcome. I have identified that both my team members and I have individual strengths and weaknesses and therefore task completion requires a multidisciplinary team approach, considering the organisational skill mix an d resources available. Team members need to have an misgiving of what is expected of them, and an understanding of how their individual contributions relate to the whole project. When developing the idea for the postnatal group we had a team meeting to share ideas and to ensure that everyone was aware of the aims of the project. Consideration of the needs of the team involved my considering training needs, communication systems and team development in order for my multi-professional team to function. Prior to commencement of the postnatal group a multidisciplinary team introduction meeting was held to ensure that every team member was familiar with their colleagues expertise and skills.As a leader it is important to recognise team members have individual skills, needs and problems, and to give praise and status to everyone. Again training and development is essential in order to maintain quality of care delivery as outlined in the benchmarks within the Essence of keeping (DoH, 200 6). When delegating work to others as a registered practitioner I have a good responsibleness to determine the knowledge and skill level required to perform delegated tasks. Like other public bodies, health service providers are accountable to both the criminal and civil courts to ensure that their activities conform to legal requirements. As a registered practitioner I am also accountable to regulatory and professional bodies in terms of standards of practice and patient care (RCN, 2006).If a focussed and effective group is to develop huge importance should be given to valuing all the skills and contributions of team members. As the team leader on this project I made myself available for one to one support for faculty and held regular modify sessions to see how their role was developing within the project and give them fortune to raise concerns or highlight areas of improvement.3.4 As a leader in Health tutorship it is my role to promote and develop partnerships between clien ts and other agencies, to empower and motivate individuals in order to develop services and service provision in communities. In 2006, the Essence of address (DoH, 2006) outlined the importance of partnership working health promotion is undertaken in partnership with others using a variety of expertise and experiences. In many areas of the health service funding is limited but if individuals within my community can be motivated to take the lead on this project, they may be able to apply for extra funding (such as lottery grants) in order to be able to achieve future aims and targets.3.5 An important aspect of leadership is having a good understanding of your team and an awareness of team relationships which includes how you view yourself as a leader and how your team view you. Having the ability to gleam on your own leadership style is essential in order to promote flexibility and the ability to change methods to suit different teams and individuals. I look to my manager to provi de active displays of recognition, commitment and vision to ensure that my skills and those of other health professionals are utilised to improve the health and well being of communities, families and individuals (McMurray Cheater, 2004). I realise that vision is a key characteristic of effective leadership it reflects the ability to create and articulate a realistic, credible, attractive picture of the future for individuals and organisations that grows out of and improves upon the present (Robbins, 2000). I agree with Barr Dowding (2010) who stated that you do not need to be a manager to be a leader but you do need to be a good leader to be an effective manager.4. Leadership styles applied to the complexity of delivery of care.4.1I have encountered many different leadership styles in my work in the Health Care sector. Many theorists have discussed leadership styles Lewin et al (1939) identified three main leadership styles. laissez- clean-livinge(prenominal) can present as dis organised, team members not aware of what is required from them with feelings of panic and lack of time. I have worked with a Laissez-faire leader which led to nervous strainful situations where the leader would shout and not warn team members of future roles and responsibilities. This led to a very disjointed team and high levels of absence with stress related conditions. Directive/Autocratic this mode of working generally focuses on task specific allocation which great emphasis on precision delivered in a military style. I see my own leadership style as being non confrontational and therefore an autocratic leadership technique is not my preferred choice.I aim to develop my leadership style to become a participatory leader with a quiet contributory presence, encourage a expert team spirit where each member of the group supports and values each other, and there is a sense of belonging. I aim to deliver quality patient care with effective monitoring of standards, by allocating ta sk driven duties, which give my team feelings of achievement. To progress and develop the skills required to achieve this form of leadership style I need to be aware that different teams require flexible approaches and this style may not suit all. I will need to seek continuing professional development and take advantage of available training throughout my career to develop my leadership skills. I can reside to grow as a leader by maintaining evidenced based practice and keeping abreast of key research into healthcare leadership. I recognise that there are disadvantages to this participative style of leadership it can be time consuming when decisions need to be made quickly which can prove expensive in terms of resources.4.2 As a SCPHN I must be an effective leader, which way of life possessing the ability to communicate with others in such a way that they are influenced and motivated to perform actions that achieve desired outcomes (Daft, 2005). As a leader we must focus on our own strengths and use a wistful approach to access the willingness of each individual to take on board change (Barr Dowding, 2010). It is my aim to stimulate awareness of health needs and lead on such initiatives by delegating aspects of practice to other agencies and facilitating the work of relevant team members (NMC, 2004). This collaborationism presents square challenges to the success of the proposed intervention and requires me to make important professional considerations about the proper implementation of a change dodge. Effective leadership is required to ensure that various practitioners communicate with one another and provide a holistic, coordinated service tailored to local needs (DoH, 2009c). Communicating an understanding and awareness of workload, resource and time pressures for staff is important as a leader in order to delegate work grably to team members and to avoid further stress and attention motivational leadership.4.3 More flexibility in service delive ry has been highlighted in the NHS Plan (DoH, 2000) confirming the drive to blur professional boundaries. The resulting flexibility of approach in relation to who does what, at what time and in what setting, has changed the skill mix of teams. As a result of new flexible service delivery plans, every individual needs good leadership to be full aware of their roles and responsibilities to avoid confusion or potential conflict. To implement the postnatal group I need to introduce a careful change management program to ensure complete engagement of the whole team. I can use the structure of a framework to shape the change process. Lewin (1951) model of intend change breaks the change process down into three stages. These stages are Unfreezing the existing organisational equilibrium, Moving to a new position, Refreezing a new equilibrium position. The unfreezing stage is normally greeted with guilt and anxiety and it is important that as a leader I provide psychological safety that helps these anxious individuals to convert their anxiety into motivation to change. This did cause friction and resistance with some team members who were unwilling to adapt to their new roles therefore a detailed rationale for changes was clearly explained through discussion groups. Demonstrating my leadership skills through effective communication was of paramount importance in order to try to avoid hostility towards any perceived threat (although not actual). The travel stage needs a new role model (within the partner organisations) to champion the proposed change and help others to follow and establish the new service. This may involve convincing senior management for the need for change and responding to any suggestions for modifications. Time may need to be negotiated in order to share information and up get out staff on the necessity for communication between professionals perhaps through workshops or focus groups. The refreezing stage involves integrating the new initiative into the organisation and consolidating significant relationships. The successful implementation of this change process is crucial to the success of the initiative this can be aided by audit of results. Evaluation of my role is bouncy to validate the implementation and also to help diminish the risks against conflict as professionals can feel they own a project and have the ability to make changes and modifications.4.5 By implementing a skill mix I have ensured staff ownership from the outset, utilising a bottom up approach. Barr Dowding (2010) state that the bottom up approach is encouraged within the humanistic technique, whereby the subordinates (followers) are encouraged to share ideas with their leaders and will be involved with the decision making process. As the leader I used a full and clearly defined evidence of staff members and their relevant skill mix in order to utilise them effectively. It is snappy to utilise research and evidence of best practice in relation to p ostnatal groups in other areas of the UK. The current economic climate challenges our leadership skills and means that all practitioners need to scrutinize their practice to organise their work and be as innovative and productive as possible within the constraints of health service budgets (DoH, CPHVA, Unite, NHS, 2009b).5. Leadership benefits to the quality of client care.5.1 My role as a leader is to promote and implement concepts such as joint working and partnership with the community, addressing faithfulness and in comparability issues, collective action and an empowering agenda with a new way of thinking and methods to use in order to work participatingally (Cowley, 2008). These key concepts highlight the importance of this postnatal group being effectively led and supported by multi-agency organisations and community partnerships. As a registered practitioner and leader it is my responsibility to ensure that there is a supervision system in place within an organisation to p rotect the patient/client and maintain the highest possible standards of care. On-going supervision is used to assess team members abilities to perform delegated tasks and capability to take on additional roles and responsibilities. Supervision will be offered indirectly or directly at set points in time and team members will be given weekly opportunities to discuss any issues, concerns or worries they may have.5.3 As the leader of this project it is important to be aware of the five areas of clinical plaque identified by Crinson, 1999 clinical audit, clinical effectiveness, clinical risk management, quality assurance and staff development. It is important that within the leadership role I improve services based on complaints, evaluation and feedback by both professionals and clients, while accepting criticisms of my leadership skills. any service must involve professional groups in multi professional audit. Proactively identifying clinical risks to patients/staff should make for a sound provision and aid myself as a health professional to be an effective leader. I aim to monitor my ability to measure the capacity and capability to deliver services by ensuring that there is effective clinical leadership as stated by the National Audit Office, 2007.5.4 As a leader I believe setting high standards of quality care for clients is a key responsibility. This can be done by identifying key benchmarks set by the NMC (2004) where it is stated that the public have the right to expect that health care professionals will practice at a high standard. The use of benchmarks can assist in identifying the need for change. Within the Norfolk percent I believe the value of the Nursery Nurse is recognised by SCPHNs with particular relevance to their skills being utilised. Using this as a benchmark it may therefore be suggested that integrating a Nursery Nurse into the postnatal group would compliment my role as a SCPHN in addressing the needs of the client in the most effecti ve manner. Effective delivery of information at the postnatal group is dependent on the capacity of the workforce to implement it and having the appropriate resources to support the work force. This capacity relates to having sufficient staff in place, who have the requisite knowledge, skills and confidence to undertake assessments (DoH, DFEE Home Office, 2000c). The team that I am responsible and accountable for leading is multi-skilled and able to share relevant information in order to offer help and support to each other.5.5 To be an effective leader I believe it is an essential requirement to undertake evaluation and analysis of any intervention on a regular basis to give the opportunity to implement change, which is supported by Summerbell et al (2005). They highlight that stakeholders (families, school environments, and others) be included in the decision making and I believe this allows for a colossal range of ideas to be shared to provide quality care and services that are effective and appropriate for the target client group. Evaluation is key to quality assurance and an essential part of the leadership role is to ensure that followers are actively involved in the quality control process (Marquis Huston, 2009).5.6 As a leader by utilising this service I am able to effectively share other agency resources and the skills of professionals with similar aims and objectives. The Department of Health (2000) promotes the collaboration of services and the ability to pool budgets and resources in order for services to be maintained and obtain sustainability. I believe that shared ownership of a strategy encourages partner agencies to incorporate targets into their individual plans and to work together to provide appropriate support for children and families this is supported by Hanson, 2010. The key to successful collaborative working and partnerships is to sacrifice a common understanding of the priorities of the community and how to best tackle them (Mit cheson, 2008). Concepts such as joint working and partnership with the community, addressing equity and inequality issues, collective action and an empowering agenda all provide me as a SCPHN with new ways of thinking and methods to use in order to work dynamically (Cowley, 2008). Once the group is more established, their own personal development aims will enable some of the clients to take a more prominent role in the leadership and development of the group as peer supporters.5.7 Within the team I believe that the consequences of poor leadership to client care could be that staff members becoming insecure and unhappy in their position and they may transfer these feeling towards the clients resulting in a lack of motivation on both sides. I feel that if staff are not behind their leader then this will reflect into the group through misinterpretation of the service Coe et al (2007) and Smith and Roberts (2009) found that barriers to care groups include misinformation about the orga nisation. This evidence highlights the importance of my supportive leadership of health professionals to be clear, consistent and supportive in the information they are giving.6. Dynamic and flexible approaches to leadership issues.6.1 I have found through experience that awareness of conflict management is a key area of responsibility for an effective leader. To date I have found that in health there are a huge variety of professionals all with different knowledge and backgrounds and interacting with each other giving considerable potential for conflict. Conflict can arise through the competition of different groups vying scarce resources. An individuals personal objectives may also be a cause for potential conflict. As a leader it is vital that I do not ignore any potential conflict situations and if conflicts do arise, I will plan solutions before patient care is compromised. I intend as a leader to promote a positive working environment through my leadership skills, the Royal Co llege of Nursing (RCN, 2005) state that many professionals experience both positive and negative working environments and recommend a useful pecker to explore relationships on an individual and team basis. I aim for my team members to view me as a leader who is able to collaborate and involve relevant parties to solve a situation rather than one who avoids conflict. Conflict can result in poor productivity (Barr Dowding, 2010) by being a dynamic and flexible leader who is able to resolve conflict effectively I can ensure a continuing high quality of patient care.6.2 If I had conflict within a team I am leading, I would use a tool created by Tuckman (1965) on stages of group development. The four stages of group development Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing can be used to break down a difficult situation into manageable elements. During the forming stage of team development and development of the group it was my aim to ensure that I explained all tasks and objectives in a clear manner and to emphasise and reassure team members that I was happy to heed to ideas but decisions would be made so that everyone had a good understanding of what they were required to do. To team then moved into the storming stage of development where the group were happy to discuss ideas but showed respect if there was disagreement and communication skills to come to amicable decisions. The next stage is the Norming stage were the group began to support each other in their roles. This stage can sometimes develop slowly currently the team has not reached the consistent performing stage as partners and team members underwrite to develop and learn how to work effectively together. By maintaining and developing the group further I hope to achieve consistently high standards of performance within the group. This will require effective communication, shared labour, greater cooperation, lower absenteeism and increased resistance to frustrations. If I continue to perform as a lea der to a high standard I believe I can achieve the delivery of high quality care and a motivated team.6.3 In order to maintain professional development and practice based on evidenced-based research I believe health professionals need to access relevant training, and share knowledge and skills within the team environment. Reflection is essential in order to look back at achievements. Consideration of what has been successful and what would be done differently in future practice to make a service as beneficial and effective as possible for children and families is essential. I aim to promote partnership working as I feel it is key to the implementation of this intervention in order to sustain it and continue future development within the area.6.4 At the end of the project I aim to collect data in order to evaluate and analyse the cost-effectiveness of the intervention and identify opportunities for cost savings, which is part of my professional responsibility identified by NICE, 2007 . I aim to involve service users and engage them in a simple customer feedback questionnaire to establish how well the initiative meets their needs.7. finishing7.1 I feel that further and continuing research is required on what clients require within a service. It is my responsibility as a SCPHN and a leader of a team to maintain evidenced based practice and respond to the needs of professionals and clients. I aim to continue developing the key skills of reflecting upon experiences and improving practice at the beginning, during and after action, to ensure improvement of services. From the experiences and reflection I have undertaken I have identified my leadership style and conclude that I will try to respond to individuals within the context of their understanding and community. Consideration of ideas generated by members of the team and client group are key to effective leadership.7.2 I endeavour to share and input values such as honesty, respect, integrity and emotional strengt h as I believe they are essential for working with team members and clients. Promotion of my values and constructive criticism need to be demonstrated within any team. Adaptability and flexibility of leadership styles must also be developed and used. I aim to continue and develop my participatory leadership approach with both colleagues and clients. This will enable me to evaluate, question and confirm all of my actions within my role as a SCPHN.8. Recommendations8.1 As a SCPHN I should lead change and encourage change in a flexible and appropriate manner to aid the development of healthcare services.8.2 I acknowledge that I need to develop my skills in applying quality care frameworks in practice to improve my quality assurance.8.3 I recognise that my conflict management skills should be developed through experience and used effectively to promote good leadership.9. AppendixAppendix 1 Adair, 1997 fundamental interaction of needs within the group11. ReferencesAdair, J (1979) Actio n Centred Leadership. Aldershot Gower Press.Barr, J Dowding, L (2010) Leadership in Health Care. capital of the United Kingdom Sage.Changing Minds (2002-2006) Transformational Leadership. (Online) Available athttp//www.changingminds.org/disciplines/leadershipstyles.htm (Accessed twenty-fourth June, 2010).Coe, C. Gibson, A. Spencer, N. Struttaford, M (2007) Sure Start regions of the hard-to-reach. Child, care, health and development. 34, 4, 447-453.Cowley, S (2008) Community Public Health in Policy and Practice. 2nd Edition. London Balliere Tindall.Crinson, I (1999) Clinical governance the new NHS, new responsibilities. British Journal of Nursing. 8 (7) 449-453.Daft, R (2005) The Leadership experience. 3rd Edition. Canada Thomson South-Western.Department for Education and Employment, department of Health Home Office (2000c) material for the judgement of Children in Need and their Families. London HMSO.Department of Health (2000) The NHS Plan. London HMSO.Department of Health, CP HVA, Unite NHS (2009b) Getting it right for children and families. Maximising the contribution of the health tour team. Ambition, Action, Achievement. London The Stationery Office.Department of Health (2009c) Healthy Child Programme Pregnancy and the first five years of life. London The Stationery Office.Department of Health (2009a) Healthy lives, brighter futures The strategy for children and young peoples health. (Online) Available athttp//www.dh.gov.uk/publications (Accessed 5th June, 2010).Department of Health (2006) Our Health, Our Care, Our Say. London HMSO.Department of Health (1999) Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation. London HM Stationery Office.Eastwood, P. Horrocks, E Jones, K (1995) Promoting peer group support with post-natally depressed women. Health Visitor, 68 (4) 148-150.Hall, D, Williams, J, Elliman, D (2009) The Child Surveillance Handbook. 3rd Edition. Oxford Radcliffe Publishing.Hanson, S (2010) Empowering change. Community Practitioner. 83, 36-37.Johnson, S (2005) Characteristics of effective health care managers. Health Care manager 24(2), 124-128).Lewin K (1951) Field Theory in Social Science. New York Harper and Row.Lewin, K, Lippitt, R White R (1939) Patterns of aggressive behaviour in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology 10 271-299.Marquis, B Huston, C (2009) Leadership Roles and forethought Functions in Nursing Theory and Application. 6th Edition. London Lippincott, Williams Wilkins.McGuire, E Kennerly, A (2006) Nurse managers as transformational and transactional leaders. Nursing Economics 24(4), 179-186.Mitcheson, J (2008) Expanding Nursing Health Care Practice Public Health Approaches to Practice. Cheltenham Nelson Thornes.National Audit Office (2007) Improving Quality and Safety Progress in Implementing Clinical Governance Lessons for the Primary Care Trusts. London NAO.National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2007) Behaviour Change. London Department of Health.Nursing and Mid wifery Council (2004) Standards of proficiency for Specialist Community Public Health Nurses. Norwich The Stationery Office.Rafferty, A (1993) Leading questions a discussion paper on the issues of nurse leadership. Kings Fund Centre.Robbins, s (2000) Organisational Behaviour. 9th Edition. New York Prentice Hall.Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2005) working with Care Improving Working Relationships in Healthcare. London RCN.Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2006) Supervision, accountability and delegation of activities to support workers A guide for registered practitioners and support workers. London RCN.Smith, D Roberts, R (2009) Young parents perception of barriers to antenatal and postnatal care. British Journal of Midwifery, 17, 10.Sullivan, E Decker, P (2009) Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing. 7th Edition. London Pearson Education.Summerbell, C, Waters, E, Edmunds, L (2005) Interventions for preventing obesity in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Revi ews.Tuckman, B (1965) Development sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin 63 384-99.Wilkinson, J and Murray, S (1998) Assessment in Primary Care Practical Issues and Possible Approaches. British Medical Journal 316, 1524-8.Community Development Plan Hung HomCommunity Development Plan Hung HomA Project Intervention Plan Hung HomLi Ka TikThe following paper is going to suggest an intervention plan on the Hung Hom community of Hong Kongs Kowloon District. It briefly introduces the situation of Hung Hom and identifies the issues about inequality between rich and poor residents. Also, an intervention strategies and empowerment plans are propose based on the social action approach. The roles of CD worker in those plan and the foreseen challenges are mentioned in the last part.About Hung HomHung Hom is belonged to Kowloon City Districtand bordered by Hung Hom Bay in the east, No. 12 Hill, Hok Yuen and the valley Lo Lung set in the north, Kings Park in the west,Victoria Harbour in the south. It is a well-resourced community with over 17 social service agencies (Social Welfare Department), 28 educational facilities, 52 health clinics (www.lifein.hk), communal facilities, recreational facilities and business activities. The location of the community is near the cross harbor tunnel and is well connected by minibuses, buses and MTR, including the link from Shatin to key which will be constructed soon.Identifying Key Social Problems in Hung HomThe problem of inequality between upper/middle class and grassroots is one of obvious social problem in Hung Hom. According to Rawls (1971), social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. Moreover, for the second principle of justice, all social goods including opportunity, income, wealth and the bases of self-respect should be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution of any or all of thesegoods is to the advantages of the lease favored. Marshall (1963) indicated that equality not only mean the equality of income, but it also is a general enrichment of the concrete substance of civilized life, a general reduction of insecurity and risk as well as an equalization between the more and less fortunate at all levels so the equality of status is more important.Hung Hom includes both of public estates and wealthier neighborhoods, which imply there is a large poverty gap. The 2011 Population census Statistics for Hung Hom indicated the level of income inequality or socioeconomic gap between the upper class and the middle and lower classes which was probably a potential source of inequality.Despite its wide range of resources in Hung Hom, the resources are jaggedly distributed in various parts of estates. Therefore, there is a potential inequality between those without and with access to the enough resources and the most obvious examples arethe health clinics and the kindergartens wh ich concentrated in the wealthier neighborhoods such as Whampoa estate. Moreover, the majority of them is privately operated and targets the middle and upper class residents. Eventually, lower income residents in KaWai and Hung Hom estate need to seek the affordable services in other nearby districts because those services charge very high fees which are beyond the means of them. The equality of opportunity is also referring to social mobility. If there is an burdensomeness of the education resources from the higher income residents, it is hard for the children from a grassroots family to elevate to a higher social status.Therefore, an intervention planshould be created for victims of inequality in Hung Hom, the residents with lower income, to play off for reasonable resources distribution.Rationales and objectives of using social actionAccording to Rothman (1984), there are there models of community practice and social action is one of the intervention approaches. It is the pract ice of taking action and usually as part of an organized group or community. The objective is to shift the power relationships and resources, in order to create positive change and generally in the direction of greater equity of economic and social justice.Social action relies on forcing the government to change aiming at benefiting the poor, such as the lower income residents in Hung Hom, and disadvantaged the oppress.Social action gets people moving and makes them feel strong that they less submit meekly those who oppressed them. It gives them responsibility for their own lives and actions as well as their leadership potential so it leads a long-term positive social change.Specific intervention strategies and empowerment plansIn order to have an effective and impactful intervention, a confrontational organizing approach is used that a campaign is going to be organized for the social action().The vision of the campaign is that everyone in Hung Hom can enjoy an equality community, and the goal is creating an appropriate distribution of resources, especially on the educational and checkup resources. The objective is to empower the grassroots in Hung Hom to fight for resources for themselves to make a dramatic statement that will focus public attention on the situation of them to request the government taking action on the issue of inequality in Hung Hom. Moreover, a slogan of the campaign is Growing in Hung Hom, studying in Hung Hom Living in Hung Hom, Medical consultation in Hung Hom. say-so helps the populations that have traditionally been powerless or havent understood their potential to exercise their power. For example, grassroots residents in Hung Hom did not aware that they are oppressed to accept the limited medical and education resources and just thought that they are not rich enough to enjoy services so they should go to other nearby districts. In fact, they have the right to request the government to provide an enough public resources for them. T hus, the community education is very important, especially the Liberating education which is the most suitable method for social action, including a process of conscientization, a development of a critical thinking and an awareness of the hidden assumption of the polity. Moreover, empowerment motivates people to take other kinds of positive action, such as voicing out their collective opinions on other unequal resources allocation in their community.Therefore, at the beginning of the campaign, the focus is to gather grassroots residents in Hung Hom and promote the right which they originally have and aware them they have the choices. For instance, they and their children can enjoy affordable public medical and educational services in their own community. The second step is to encourage them to attend, as a group, a public meeting at which an issue of interest to their community is being discussed, in order to let them understand the policy related to their needs more, so that they can think more and propose the idea to the policy marker. A well communication channel and platform is very important to express the needs and requests. Thus, once they have built in the concept, communications, such as letters, phone calls, email, etc, with policy makers and others in authority (such as the Chief Executive, Secretary of Education) are organized. It is not enough to affect the policy marker if the voice is limited in the grassroots residents in Hung Hom. Therefore, encouraging media reporting is the next step, which helps to find a support from the public for this social action, by persuading the media to cover events or to publish stories that highlight particular issues or embarrass politicians and others in power who refuse accept the reasonable suggestion advised by the grassroots residents in Hung Hom. In order to make a larger impact on publics mind for the issues, a street theater will be held at the last part of the campaign, which is meant to ridicule the o pposition and to convey profound message in a way that is easily understood and entertaining. Finally, if the social action gains an initial success, there will be aevaluation section including the effective of the empowerment, the assessment of the modified resources allocation and the situation of inequality in Hung Hom as well as the coming planning on the prospect of equality community in Hung Hom.Roles of CD worker in those intervention strategiesAs a CD worker, there are four roles including enhancing the social interactions and functions of individual and their groups and communities educating public on economic and social injustice that may hinder community functioning initiating an advocacy for policy changes in response to needs identified by the community and the society and help them to articulate their common concerns and needs to the public, the government and formulating and implement social policies, services, and programs that support the development of human capaci ties.Foreseen challenges and difficultiesThe redistribution of resources in Hung Hom is obviously beneficial to the grassroots residents. On the contrary, the interest of residents with higher income is affected, so they will oppose the policy proposed by grassroot. Moreover, Hong Kong is a free-market society with a lower tax system that government is unwilling to spend too much money on education and medical services in Hung Hom avoiding the affecting of free-market system.In conclusion, there are lot of difficulties, created by upper class and government, on reaching an equality community. Therefore, based on confrontational organizing approach, the campaign with social action is the most suitable method and it help to empower the grassroots resident in Hung Hom and make an advocacy to ask for resources for them.ReferencesCensus and Statistics Department Hong Kong. 2011 Population Census Fact Sheet for Kowloon City District Council Hung Hom (G14-G20). Accessed online from http// www.census2011.gov.hk/en/district-profiles/ca/kowloon-city/g19.html on 24 Feb 2014.Chui E., Ho L., Law C.K., leeward K.M., Lee V. Wong Y.C.. (2010) Report of The Study of The Future Directions of Providing Social Work Services within the New Urban Renewal Strategy to be FormulatedCox, F. M., Erlich, J. L., Rothman, J., Tropman, J. E. (Eds). (1987). Strategies of community organisation. (4th ed). ITASCA, IL PEACOCK Publishing, Inc.Marshall, T. H. (1963) Citizenship and social class, in T. H. Marshall (ed.), Sociology at the Crossroads (London Heinemann), pp. 67127.Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Websiteshttp//www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/www.lifein.hk

IVU Preparation and IVU Procedure

IVU grooming and IVU ProcedureWhat is endovenous Urography?Intravenous Urography examines is the urinary system by using a special dye ( limit medium) that is injected into one of your veins. The dye travels finished the bloodstream and is removed by the kidneys and passed into the ureters and vesica. The dye helps to show up these organs more clearly on X-rays. The test can help find out the hold of urinary problems. It can show kidney and bladder stones, tumours, blood clots or narrowing in the ureters. It is routinely done as an out-patient procedure in the radiology department. The procedure is comprised of two phases.First, it needs a routineing kidney to clean the dye out of the blood into the urine. The sentence necessary for the dye to come into view on x rays correlate exactly with kidneys function.The second phase gives entire anatomical images of the urinary tract. Within the commencement ceremony few transactions the dye lights up the kidneys, a stage called the ne phrogram.Later the pictures follow the dye down the ureters and into the bladder. The final photo interpreted after urinating shows how wellspring the bladder empties. The contrast is removed from the bloodstream through the kidneys. Then contrast media becomes visible on x-rays almost immediately after injection. Attention is paid at theKidneyBladderTubes that connect them (urethras)Why Intravenous Urography is done?The most common reason an IVU is done is in a condition be the suspected movement of stones in the urinary tract. Other pathology atomic number 18 such as renal failure, myeloma and infancy. The doctor would like to know how the urine is draining from the kidney to the bladder and how the stones shake off change your urinary system. This whitethorn be used to balance the ultrasound of the kidney to the bladder and how the stones have affected the urinary system and the other wise.IVU uses a dye, also called as a contrast medium. This shows up the soft tissues the urinary system on the x-ray. This will allow the cancer to be seen in any parts of the patients urinary system. The cancer shows up as a blockage or an uneven outline on the wall of the bladder or ureter for an example. It is also used in the investigation of other suspected causes of urine obstruction or blood in the urine. tolerant preparation for Intravenous Urography.patient role should be held NPO for 24 hours former to the radiographic study.Patient should gain vigor a minimum of 2 cleansing enemas prior to study. One enema should be performed the night before the procedure.Patient should receive large-bore catheter prior to examination start time. Patients over 60 lbs should receive 2 large-bore catheters to facilitate contrast administration.Medication InstructionFasting InstructionBowel PreparationA) Unless the patient have an asthma or other allergies the medications are not reqiured. Therefore, the suggestion for the examination is reviewed since the patient can develo p a chemical reaction towards the contrast media that are used. If the doctor feels the benefits of this procedure will equaliseize the risks, so the patient may be arranged to prednisolone (a type of steroid medication) tablets for the examination. This would be 40 mg 12 hours and then, 40mg 2 hours prior to the procedure. Sometimes in an urgent examination, the patient may be given an injection of Hydrocortisone 100 mg (another type of steroid) just before the the examination.B) If the IVU procedure is in the afternoon, patient can relegate light breakfast. Until 4-6 hours before the procedure, the patient can take a elegant cup of clear silver-tongueds per hour such as water, fruit juice, black tea or black coffee. No milk must be taken because it causes indigestion. It is preferable that nothing should be taken for at least 4 hours prior to the procedure. Water is allowed in diabetics, myeloma patients, renal failure and for other conditions where dehydration is contra adve rtd.C) pocket-size residue vegetable-free diet for 1 day before the examination. A lot of water should be taken during this period before fasting begins. The patient may be given laxatives such as 2 tablets of Dulcolax at 9 pm the night before the examination to increase the peristalsis action.Procedure for Intravenous Urogram.Patient will be asked to lie on an x-ray table where the radiographer will take a preliminary film of their abdomen. The doctor will then give patient an injection of contrast medium into their arm. After this, a series of films will be taken over the next 30 minutes as the dye passes through your renal tract. At one stage of the procedure, a tight band may be placed on patients debase abdomen to help the radiographer to obtain maximum filling of the kidneys before the contrast medium flows down into the bladder. At the end of the examination, patient will be asked to empty-bellied your bladder, and then another film will be taken to see the empty bladder. Sometimes the contrast medium takes somewhat time to go through the kidneys and these results in an extended examination time. Contrast medium is a fluid that is opaque to x-rays, is concentrated in the kidneys and goes into the bladder before being passed out in your urine. It is colorless, so the patient cannot see it when you go to the toilet. Aside from the minor sting from the injection as the contrast medium is injected, some people report imprint a warm flush, and sometimes have a metallic taste in their mouth. These things usually disappear within a minute or two, and are no cause for alarm. Incase the patient become itchy or short of breath, let the radiologist know straight away, as they may have a slight reaction to the contrast, which can be eased with antihistamines. If the patient have asthma or severe allergies, the radiologist may suggest them to take a steroid, or use other imaging options.Patient care after ProcedureSometimes, there would be minor (generalised wa rmth, to rashes) to moderate, asthma and difficulty breathing, a drop in the blood pressure (usually transient) or rarely severe and life threatening (anaphylaxis). Infrequently, there may be severe discomfort/ hassle when compression is applied, provided usually the compression will be released the moment the patient inform the radiographer in charge of your examination. The only severe complication of an intravenous pyelogram is an allergy to the iodine-containing dye that is used. Such an allergy is rare, but it can be fatal.Patient are given and asked to lay on top of draw sheets cause the radiographic may be cold. Pillows are given for comfort. There is usually no special instructions post IVU. The patient may eat and intoxication unless your referring doctor has another examination or procedure for you after the IVU examinationAbout the Intravenous Urography ExaminationThe procedure takes about 40 to 60 minutes. Patient need to empty their bladder before the test. In a priva te cubicle, Patient may be asked to remove their clothing and put on a hospital gown. Then patient will be taken to the X-ray room and asked to lie down on the X-ray table. Radiographer will take the branch X-ray pictures without the dye. Radiographer will then inject the dye in a vein in their hand or arm, and take more X-rays of your abdomen and pelvis. Patient may be asked to move position and lie on your stomach, or hold their breath for a few seconds while the X-rays are taken. To help meliorate images of the kidneys, a tight band may be placed across their abdomen. Patient may also be asked to go the toilet to empty your bladder and have another X-ray taken.Results on Intravenous UrographyA normal intravenous urogram indicates no visible abnormality in the structure or function of the urinary system. The radiologist looks for a peaceful non-lobulated outline of each kidney, no clubbing or other abnormality of the renal calyces (collecting system), and no abnormal fluid coll ection in the kidneys that could suggest obstruction. The ureters must contain no filling defects (stones) or deviations due to an adjacent tumor. The bladder must have a smooth outline and empty normally as visualized on the post-void film.Abnormal results include hydronephrosis (distension of the renal pelvis and calices due to obstruction) as a result of tumors or calculi (stones). Cysts or abscesses may also be present in the urinary system. A delay in renal function can also indicate renal disease. An abnormal amount of urine in the bladder after voiding may indicate prostate or bladder problems.Intravenous urograms are often done on children to rule out a rapid developing tumor in the kidneys, called a Wilms tumor. Children are also prone to infections of the bladder and kidneys due to urinary reflux (return back-flow of urine).FilmFor a preliminary film, (35 x 43cm) supine full A.P. abdomen to include lower border of symphysis pubis and diaphragm, group AB preparation,and fo r any calcifications overlying the renal tract areas. Additional films to decide position of any opacities.35 posterior oblique of the renal regions. Tomogram of the renal areas are at 8-11 cm4 reasom why we do preminilaryPatient preparationThe position of kidney (collimation)Exposure factorInstructionFor an immediate film (24 x 30cm), AP of the renal areas, the film is overt 10-14 s after the injection (arm-to-kidney time). It is to show the nephrogram.For a 5 minute film (24 x 30cm) AP of the renal areas, this film is taken to decide if the excretion is equal or if the uptake is poor and is important for assessing the need to adjust the technique. A compression band is now applied around the patients abdomen and the balloon positioned halfway between the iliac spines. This can produce better pelvicalyceal distension. Compression should not be used in cases of suspected renal colic, renal trauma or after recent abdominal surgery.In 15 minute AP of the renal areas, there is usually sufficient distension of the pelvicalyceal system with opaque urine by the time. In the release of film the supine AP abdomen, this film is taken to show the whole urinary tract. If the film is good enough, the patient is asked to empty their bladder. The main tax of this film is to access bladder evacuation to demonstrate a return to normal of the dilated upper tracts with the relief of bladder pressure.In 25 Minute film (24 x 30cm) 15 caudal angulations centred 5 cm above the upper border of the symphysis pubis to reveal the swollen bladder.After micturition film, this will be the coned view of the bladder with the tube angled 15 caudad and centred 5cm above the symphysis pubis or the full length abdominal film to show the bladder emptying success and the return of the previously swollen lower ends of urethras to normal.Contrast agents and drugsCommon examples for a 70 kg adult with normal blood urea set (2.5 7.5mmol/L.)Contrast media must be warmed to body temperature before injection.High osmolarity of contrast medium (HOCM) or low osmolarity of contrast medium (LOCM) 370 are acceptable but infants and small children, those with renal and cardiac failure, poorly hydrated patients, patients with diabetes, myelomatosis or sickle-cell anaemia and patient who have had a previous severe contrast medium reaction with low osmolarity contrast medium reaction with a strong sensitized history have to receive low osmolarity contrast medium. Paediatric dose is 1ml kg/1Equipment used for Intravenous UrogramConray 400 1 mL / lb ( 3 mL / kg)In high risk cats or compromised dogs (abnormal BUN / Creatinine), claver with the radiologist about the use of Omnipaque (Iohexol) instead of the Conray.Indwelling catheter preplaced in patient by clinician, student or treatment room techs. Depending on size of the brute or amount of contrast to be injected, 2 catheters might be required.Crash kit should be made available in the case of allergic contrast reaction (ie vomitin g and / or nausea are the most common.)What are the risks on doing Intravenous Urogram?Intravenous urograms are commonly performed and generally safe. However, in order to make an informed decision and give your consent, you need to be aware of the possible side-effects and the risk of complications of this procedure .Patient will be exposed to some X-ray radiation. Level of exposure is about the same as the background radiation that you would receive naturally from the environment over 12 to 14 months. gravid women are advised not to have X-rays, as there is a risk the radiation may affect the development of your unborn child. If the patient is, or think you may be pregnant, they must tell their doctor before the appointment. These are the unwanted but mostly temporary effects of a favored procedure. Very rarely, they may sense a warm feeling or get a metallic taste in their mouth after having the contrast. This should farthermost only a minute or two.

In what ways was Napoleon a warrior overloard in his Treatment of his subjects? :: European Europe History

In what ways was Napoleon a warrior overloard in his Treatment of his subjects?The oral sex asks what was Napoleons treatment of his European subjects. However first we need to learn what these subjects were and distinguish the differences between them. The states of the Grand Empire fell into one of two categories - lands annexed directly to France, or satallite states chthonian French control but allegedly enjoying a modicum of independence. The extent of Napoleons influence varied, depending on the length of time a particular country remained under his authority. Examples of annexed territories are Nice,Savoy, Belguim and the Germanlands west of the Rhine. These were annexed early (pre 1800) and had were quickly incorporated into the French administrative system, however these states were mainly divided into divisions for recruitment purposes. By the time of the Brumaire fuedalism as in France had been abolished in these territories. Also land belonging to the nobility or church were either confiscated or sold. All the annexed states were ruled from Paris and were regarded as extensions of the old France. All clean French policies were introduced like the civil code and the judicial process of civil and ccriminal courts. A semi circle of nominally independent satellite states, were mainly tribulation by Napoleons relatives, formed a buffer zone around France. These states protected the boarders of the French empire from any attack. Some examples of satellite states are Switzerland, Spain, Naples and Italy. These satellite states, allegedly independent, infact had little frredom of action. Their rulers were strictley manage and tutored by Napoleon in the way they should go. The satellite states was very different. They were never allowed to forget that they existed only to serve the intrests of France. Napoleonwanted them to fullfill a number of other valuable functions in Napoleons imperial enterprise. They were first and foremost military vassal states and Napoleons relationship with themwas eventually wery like that of a warrior-overlord, extracting the advantage from them for the minimum return. These states raised about a thirdly of the troops for the Grand Armee. The distribution of crowns among Napoleons relatives served two purposes for him. One of the two was that they would remain loyal to him no matter what. Also, with such a large number of nap sovereigns available he could expect in due course to arrange useful marriage alliances with older royal houses and give his successors the dynastic respectability the family right off lacked.

The Problem With STD Prevention Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Pape

The Problem With STD PreventionSexually Transmitted Diseases or STDs atomic number 18 an increasing problem in todays society. There are many of them and the number is increasing in the youth of the nation. According to a 2000 poll, 18.9 jillion cases were reported, and of that number, 9.1 million occurred in people between the ages of 15 to 24. America needs to recognize this problem more fully and find a cure for it. abstemiousness is one way to help, but what people need to realize is that it is non working.According to a 2000 poll done by the Centers for Disease Control, 48% of sexually transmitted diseases are accounted for in people between the ages of fifteen to twenty-four. It is also reported that teens are more likely than other age groups to have quadruplicate sex partners and practice unsafe sex more often. The three most common diseases in teens are Chlamydia, human papillomavirus (HPV), and trichomoniasis. These diseases account for more than eighty-eight p ct of new cases in this age group (Davidnow, 2004). Chlamydia is a disease that can cause permanent damage to the sexual organs. An estimated three million people are infected with Chlamydia each year (Witmer, nd). Once inside the blood, the microbes can spread to the joints, skin, and major body organs. With this disease, up to twenty percent of men may not have symptom but a bigger problem is that up to eighty percent of women do not experience symptoms. When the microbes enter the body in women they focus on the cervix area which, if left untreated can cause infertility (Daugirdas, 1992). Some symptoms of Chlamydia are pain at the end of a menstrual cycle, burning discharge, pain while urinating, and even chronic arthritis. Chlamydia is one of the mos... ...go, IL The University of Chicago Press. Daugirdas, J. T. (1992). STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Hinsdale, IL Medtext, Inc.Davidnow, J. (2004). Nations juvenility Hit Hard by STDS 15-to-24-Year-Olds Account for 48% of New Cases. Retrieved April 24, 2004 from LexisNexis CD ROM Database Garrett, L. (1994). The Coming Plague Newly Emerging Diseases in a World by of Balance. New York, NY Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Marr, L. (1998). Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Baltimore, MD The John Hopkins University Press.STD Prevention. Retrieved April 24, 2004 from http//www.cdc.gov/ nchstp/dstd/sdtdp.html Tseng, H., Villanueva, G., Powell, A. (1987). Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Saratoga, CA R&E Publishers.Witmer, D. (nd). Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs. Retrieved April 24, 2004 from http//parentingteens.about.com/cs/stds/a/stdsfact.htm